Method and system for detecting slow page load

ABSTRACT

A method and system for detecting slow page load is provided. An example system comprises a page request detector, a session state information detector, a throughput calculator, a response builder, and a communications module. The page request detector may be configured to receive a request for a web page. The session state information detector may be configured to determine that the request does not include session state information. The throughput calculator may be configured to calculate a throughput value associated with the network connection between the client system and the server. The response builder may be configured to build an updated data packet by including, in the data packet, the throughput value and an instruction to store the throughput value on the client as session state information. The communications module may be configured to communicate the updated data packet to the client system.

RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.12/792,556, filed Jun. 2, 2010, the benefit of priority of which isclaimed hereby, and which is incorporated herein by reference in itsentirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This application relates to the technical fields of software and/orhardware technology and, in one example embodiment, to system and methodto detect slow page load.

BACKGROUND

Web pages are electronic documents that can include textual, graphic,video, and audio content. Most Web pages are generated using theHyperText Mark-up Language (HTML), although the pages can include dataencoded according to other formats, e.g., Moving Picture Experts Group(MPEG), Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG), Graphics InterchangeFormat (GIF), and so forth. The most common way to access a Web page isby using a Web browser. Typically, the pages are transferred fromservers to recipient systems (the clients) using the HyperText TransferProtocol (HTTP). HTTP is an application level protocol that is layeredon top of the TCP/IP protocols.

In the Internet/intranet communications, the “effective” throughput ofcommunication paths between servers and clients can vary greatly. Theeffective throughput depends on transmission rates, number of “hops,”error rates, latencies, and so forth. Because servers and clients can beconnected via a wide range of network technologies, the effectivethroughput can span several orders of magnitude. This means that a Webpage that includes rich content designed for a high throughput path maynot always be inappropriate for use by client systems that have slowconnection to network servers over paths with much lower throughput.

Some existing systems permit the use of a specialized tag that allows anHTML-coded Web page to specify the use of two versions of a given image.The browser initially loads a low-resolution version of the image; thenautomatically loads a high resolution version to replace thelow-resolution image.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

Embodiments of the present invention are illustrated by way of exampleand not limitation in the figures of the accompanying drawings, in whichlike reference numbers indicate similar elements and in which:

FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic representation of a network environment withinwhich an example method and system for detecting slow page load may beimplemented;

FIG. 2 is block diagram of a system for determining, at a server system,a throughput value associated with a client system and providing it tothe client system, in accordance with one example embodiment;

FIG. 3 is a flow chart of a method for determining, at a server system,a throughput value associated with the client system and providing it tothe client system utilizing transport layer, in accordance with anexample embodiment;

FIG. 4 is a flow chart of a method that utilizes session stateinformation to determine that a client system is characterized by slowpage load, in accordance with an example embodiment;

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a system where information is communicatedfrom the transport layer of one computer system to the application layerof another computer system, in accordance with an example embodiment;and

FIG. 6 is a diagrammatic representation of an example machine in theform of a computer system within which a set of instructions, forcausing the machine to perform any one or more of the methodologiesdiscussed herein, may be executed.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are setforth to provide a thorough understanding of claimed subject matter.However, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that claimedsubject matter may be practiced without these specific details. In otherinstances, methods, apparatuses or systems that would be known by one ofordinary skill have not been described in detail so as not to obscureclaimed subject matter.

Some portions of the detailed description which follow are presented interms of algorithms or symbolic representations of operations on binarydigital signals stored within a memory of a specific apparatus orspecial purpose computing device or platform. In the context of thisparticular specification, the term specific apparatus or the likeincludes a general purpose computer once it is programmed to performparticular functions pursuant to instructions from program software.Algorithmic descriptions or symbolic representations are examples oftechniques used by those of ordinary skill in the signal processing orrelated arts to convey the substance of their work to others skilled inthe art. An algorithm is here, and generally, is considered to be aself-consistent sequence of operations or similar signal processingleading to a desired result. In this context, operations or processinginvolve physical manipulation of physical quantities. Typically,although not necessarily, such quantities may take the form ofelectrical or magnetic signals capable of being stored, transferred,combined, compared or otherwise manipulated. It has proven convenient attimes, principally for reasons of common usage, to refer to such signalsas bits, data, values, elements, symbols, characters, terms, numbers,numerals or the like. It should be understood, however, that all ofthese or similar terms are to be associated with appropriate physicalquantities and are merely convenient labels. Unless specifically statedotherwise, as apparent from the following discussion, it is appreciatedthat throughout this specification discussions utilizing terms such as“processing,” “computing,” “calculating,” “determining” or the likerefer to actions or processes of a specific apparatus, such as a specialpurpose computer or a similar special purpose electronic computingdevice. In the context of this specification, therefore, a specialpurpose computer or a similar special purpose electronic computingdevice is capable of manipulating or transforming signals, typicallyrepresented as physical electronic or magnetic quantities withinmemories, registers, or other information storage devices, transmissiondevices, or display devices of the special purpose computer or similarspecial purpose electronic computing device.

As data communicated between computer systems (e.g., web pages) aregetting increasingly larger, there may still be users who access theInternet utilizing slower network connections and/or slower processingresources. Proposed is a method to identify those client systems thatare characterized by slower page load and to serve them a simplerversion of a web page that is not as large (e.g., that doesn't have asmuch client-side rich content, doesn't make as many client-side calls,etc.). Example methods and systems may be utilized beneficially toautomatically detect slow connection speed or a scenario where a richversion of the requested data (e.g., a rich version of a web page) takesa long time to load, and serve the associated requesting client alightweight version of the web page. It will be noted, that while someexamples in this specification refer to a server system providing arequested web page to a browser application installed on a client, thetechniques described herein may be applicable to scenarios where aclient application is a mobile application, a desktop widget, etc. Also,the term “page” in the context of a slow page load may refer to a webpage or any other response information that may be provided to browserapplication, a mobile application, a desktop widget, etc.

One example approach to detecting slow page load involves usingserver-side code at the transport layer (e.g., TCP driver) to perform amethod for determining that a client system, which is receiving an HTTPresponse from a provider server over TCP/IP, has a slow networkconnection. A client system is a ubiquitous client, e.g., a desktopcomputer, a mobile device, a personal digital assistant (PDA), etc. TCPuses an end-to-end flow control protocol to avoid having the sender(e.g., a web server) send data too fast for the TCP receiver (e.g., aclient browser) to reliably receive and process it. For example, if apersonal computer (PC) sends data to a hand-held PDA that is slowlyprocessing received data, the PDA must regulate data flow so as to notbe overwhelmed. TCP uses a sliding window flow control protocol. In eachTCP segment (also referred to as a TCP data packet), the receiving hostspecifies in the receiver window field the amount of additional data (inbytes) that it is able to buffer for the connection. The sending hostcan send only up to that amount of data before it must wait for anacknowledgment and window update from the receiving host (client). Theinventive concept, in one example embodiment, involves using thereceiver window size (RWIN) and the round trip time (RTT), as measuredat the server, to determine the connection speed of a network connectionconnecting the client to the server. Once the connection speed isdetermined, the connection speed may be communicated to the client toenable the client to prompt the user to switch to a lightweight versionof the requested page or pages. At the server, the connection speed(that may be expressed by a throughput value) may be encoded andincluded into an outgoing data packet by manipulating placeholder bytespresent in the payload of the data packet. When the encoded throughputvalue is received at the client, the client-side code (e.g.,Javascript), can cause the client to present the user with the option toswitch to a lightweight version of the requested web page, or can causethe client to automatically request a lightweight version of the page.

Another example approach to detecting slow page load applies when adedicated TCP/IP Offload Engine (TOE) (e.g. NetScaler) is deployedbetween the client system and the application server. Dedicated TOEs areresponsible for buffering server responses. They retrieve the serverresponse from the application server at fast LAN speeds and relay thedata to the client at widely variable WAN/Internet speeds. As a result,dedicated TOEs can carefully monitor the rate at which they are able toempty their response buffer for each connection. This measurementaccurately reflects the effective throughput of the communication pathbetween the dedicated TOE and the client system. The dedicated TOE canthen communicate this measured throughput value by encoding it andincluding it in specially formed outgoing data packets by manipulatingplaceholder bytes present in the data packet. When the encodedthroughput value is received at the client, the client-side code (e.g.Javascript), can cause the client to present the user with the option toswitch to a lightweight version of the requested web page, or can causethe client to automatically request a lightweight version of the page.

An example method and system for detecting slow page load may beimplemented in the context of a network environment 100 illustrated inFIG. 1. As shown in FIG. 1, the network environment 100 may includeclient systems (or clients) 110 and 120 and a server system (or server)140. The server system 140, in one example embodiment, may host anon-line trading platform 142. The client system 110 may run a browserapplication 112, while a client system 120 may be a mobile device andmay run a mobile application 122. The client systems 110 and 120 mayhave access to the server system 140 via a communications network 130.The communications network 130 may be a public network (e.g., theInternet, a wireless network, etc.) or a private network (e.g., a localarea network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), Intranet, etc.).

The client system 110 may utilize the browser application 112 to obtainweb pages (e.g., web pages related to the on-line trading platform 142)from the server system 140. The browser application 112 running on theclient 110 may execute client-side code (e.g. Javascript) to start atimer at the moment it detects a web page response, use the timer todetermine that the requested web page has not fully loaded after apredetermined period of time, and cause a lightweight version of therequested web page to be provided from the server 140. Such client-sidecode may be provided to the client 110 from the server 140. The serversystem 140 may host a system (a slow page load detector 144) configuredto determine that a client requesting a web page should be served alightweight version of the requested web page because the client mayeither have slow or insufficient processing resources (e.g., a slowJavascript interpreter) or a slow network connection with the serversystem 140. It will be noted that client side code (e.g. Javascript) forcausing the associated browser to react to a slow page load may be usedindependent from the slow page load detector 144 provided at the server140. An example server-side system for detecting slow page load may bedescribed with reference to FIG. 2.

FIG. 2 is block diagram of a system 200 for determining, at a serversystem, a throughput value associated with the client system andproviding it to the client system, in accordance with one exampleembodiment. As shown in FIG. 2, the system 200 includes a page requestdetector 202, a session state information detector 204, a throughputcalculator 206, a payload scanner 208, a response builder 210, and acommunications module 212.

The page request detector 202 may be configured to receive, at a serversystem, a request for a web page from a client system. The session stateinformation detector 204 may be configured to determine that the requestfor the web page does not include session state information. The sessionstate information detector 204 may also be configured to trigger themonitoring of incoming ACK data packets from the client system for theduration of the current TCP connection. The monitoring may be performedby the throughput calculator 206. ACK (or an acknowledgement message) isa data packet message used in TCP communications to acknowledge receiptof a data packet. The throughput calculator 206 may be configured tocalculate a throughput value associated with the network connectionbetween the client system and the server system utilizing information(e.g., the RWIN value and the RTT value) obtained from the incoming ACKdata packets. The payload scanner 208 may be configured to determinethat a data packet to be sent in response to the request for the webpage includes a placeholder for a throughput value in the data payloadof the packet. In one embodiment, such a placeholder is included in thelast data packet associated with the requested web page. For example, adata packet may be determined to be the last data packet if the payloadof the data packet includes a Javascript call (e.g., expressed by thename of a Javascript function) and a set of placeholder bytes (e.g.,‘0e00’). The session state information detector 204, the throughputcalculator 206, and the payload scanner 208 may be collectively referredto as a data packet pattern analyzer.

The response builder 210 may be configured to build an updated datapacket by including, in the data packet that has a placeholder for athroughput value, the throughput value and an instruction (e.g., aJavascript call) to store the throughput value on the client as sessionstate information (e.g., browser cookie). The communications module 202may be configured to communicate the updated data packet to the clientsystem. An example method performed by the system 200 may be describedwith reference to FIG. 3.

FIG. 3 is a flow chart of a method 300 for determining, at a serversystem, a throughput value associated with the client system andproviding it to the client system utilizing transport layer, inaccordance with an example embodiment. The method 300 may be performedby processing logic that may comprise hardware (e.g., dedicated logic,programmable logic, microcode, etc.), software (such as run on a generalpurpose computer system or a dedicated machine), or a combination ofboth. In one example embodiment, the processing logic resides at theserver system 140 of FIG. 1 and, specifically, at the system 200 shownin FIG. 2.

As shown in FIG. 3, the method 300 commences at operation 310, when thepage request detector 202 of FIG. 2 receives, at the server system 140of FIG. 1, a TCP request for from the client system 110 of FIG. 1. TheTCP request may be a request for a web page or other information usableby, e.g., a web browser, a mobile application or a desktop widget. Thesession state information detector 204 of FIG. 2 determines that therequest for the web page does not include session state information, atoperation 320. In an example where the request is from a browserapplication installed on the client system 110, the session stateinformation may be in the form of a browser cookie (termed a throughputcookie). The communications module 212 commences the sending of therequested data (e.g., the rich version of the requested web page) atoperation 330. In the response, (e.g., in the HTTP response to therequest for the web page,) a value may be set to indicate that thethroughput calculator 206 of FIG. 2 (that may also be referred to as atransport layer bandwidth detector) is to be activated to measureconnection speed associated with the network connection between a clientand a server. At operation 340, the throughput calculator 206 of FIG. 2calculates a throughput value associated with a network connectionbetween the client system 110 and the server system 140 (e.g., based onthe RWIN value and the RIT value determined from analyzing the TCP ACKpackets received from the client). The payload scanner 208 of FIG. 2identifies a data packet that includes a placeholder for a throughputvalue (that can be the last data packet to be sent to the client system110 in response to a request for a web page). For example, the payloadscanner 208 determines that a TCP data packet includes the pattern“writeCookielet (‘ebay’,tput’,‘0e00’) </script>” in the data payload andconcludes that the throughput value can be inserted into this datapacket. At operation 350, the response builder 210 of FIG. 2 builds anupdated data packet by including, in the data packet, the throughputvalue and an instruction to store the throughput value on the client assession state information. For example, the placeholder bytes (‘0e00’)in the TCP data packet are replaced with the throughput value calculatedby throughput calculator 206. The checksum for the modified data packetis recomputed and the communications module 202 of FIG. 2 communicatesthe updated data packet to the client system at operation 360.

FIG. 4 is a flow chart of a method 400 that utilizes a browser cookie todetermine that a client system is characterized by slow page load, inaccordance with an example embodiment. The method 400 may be performedby processing logic that may comprise hardware (e.g., dedicated logic,programmable logic, microcode, etc.), software (such as run on a generalpurpose computer system or a dedicated machine), or a combination ofboth. In one example embodiment, the processing logic resides at theserver system 140 of FIG. 1 and, specifically, at the system 200 shownin FIG. 2.

At operation 410, the page request detector 202 of FIG. 2 receives, atthe server system 140 of FIG. 1, a TCP request from the client system110 of FIG. 1. The request includes session state information (e.g., inthe form of a browser cookie) that was set at the client. At operation420, it is determined that the session state information indicates aslow page load associated with the client system 110. In response, atoperation 430, the communications module 212 of FIG. 2 sends alightweight version of the requested data to the client system 110.

Example approach where information is provided from the transport layerof one computer system to the application layer of another computersystem is shown in FIG. 5. As shown in FIG. 5, a system 500 comprises areceiver computer system 510 and a sender computer system 520. Accordingto one embodiment of the present invention, throughput data may becommunicated from the transport layer 522 of the sender computer system520 to the application layer 512 of the computer system 510. Theconnection throughput value calculated at the sender's transport layer522 may be communicated to the receiver's application layer 512 byscanning at the sender's transport layer the payload of each outbounddata packet on that connection, replacing any encountered placeholderbytes with the calculated throughput value, and recalculating the packetchecksum.

The various operations of example methods described herein may beperformed, at least partially, by one or more processors that aretemporarily configured (e.g., by software) or permanently configured toperform the relevant operations. Whether temporarily or permanentlyconfigured, such processors may constitute processor-implemented modulesthat operate to perform one or more operations or functions. The modulesreferred to herein may, in some example embodiments, compriseprocessor-implemented modules.

Similarly, the methods described herein may be at least partiallyprocessor-implemented. For example, at least some of the operations of amethod may be performed by one or more processors orprocessor-implemented modules. The performance of certain of theoperations may be distributed among the one or more processors, not onlyresiding within a single machine, but deployed across a number ofmachines. In some example embodiments, the processor or processors maybe located in a single location (e.g., within a home environment, anoffice environment or as a server farm), while in other embodiments theprocessors may be distributed across a number of locations.

FIG. 6 shows a diagrammatic representation of a machine in the exampleform of a computer system 600 within which a set of instructions, forcausing the machine to perform any one or more of the methodologiesdiscussed herein, may be executed. In alternative embodiments, themachine operates as a stand-alone device or may be connected (e.g.,networked) to other machines. In a networked deployment, the machine mayoperate in the capacity of a server or a client machine in aserver-client network environment, or as a peer machine in apeer-to-peer (or distributed) network environment. The machine may be apersonal computer (PC), a tablet PC, a set-top box (STB), a PersonalDigital Assistant (PDA), a cellular telephone, a web appliance, anetwork router, switch or bridge, or any machine capable of executing aset of instructions (sequential or otherwise) that specify actions to betaken by that machine. Further, while only a single machine isillustrated, the term “machine” shall also be taken to include anycollection of machines that individually or jointly execute a set (ormultiple sets) of instructions to perform any one or more of themethodologies discussed herein.

The example computer system 600 includes a processor 602 (e.g., acentral processing unit (CPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU) orboth), a main memory 604 and a static memory 606, which communicate witheach other via a bus 608. The computer system 600 may further include avideo display unit 610 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) or acathode ray tube (CRT)). The computer system 600 also includes analpha-numeric input device 612 (e.g., a keyboard), a user interface (UI)navigation device 614 (e.g., a cursor control device), a disk drive unit616, a signal generation device 618 (e.g., a speaker) and a networkinterface device 620.

The disk drive unit 616 includes a machine-readable medium 622 on whichis stored one or more sets of instructions and data structures (e.g.,software 624) embodying or utilized by any one or more of themethodologies or functions described herein. The software 624 may alsoreside, completely or at least partially, within the main memory 604and/or within the processor 602 during execution thereof by the computersystem 600, with the main memory 604 and the processor 602 alsoconstituting machine-readable media.

The software 624 may further be transmitted or received over a network626 via the network interface device 620 utilizing any one of a numberof well-known transfer protocols (e.g., Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(HTTP)).

While the machine-readable medium 622 is shown in an example embodimentto be a single medium, the term “machine-readable medium” should betaken to include a single medium or multiple media (e.g., a centralizedor distributed database, and/or associated caches and servers) thatstore the one or more sets of instructions. The term “machine-readablemedium” shall also be taken to include any medium that is capable ofstoring and encoding a set of instructions for execution by the machineand that cause the machine to perform any one or more of themethodologies of embodiments of the present invention, or that iscapable of storing and encoding data structures utilized by orassociated with such a set of instructions. The term “machine-readablemedium” shall accordingly be taken to include, but not be limited to,solid-state memories, optical and magnetic media. Such media may alsoinclude, without limitation, hard disks, floppy disks, flash memorycards, digital video disks, random access memory (RAMs), read onlymemory (ROMs), and the like.

The embodiments described herein may be implemented in an operatingenvironment comprising software installed on a computer, in hardware, orin a combination of software and hardware. Such embodiments of theinventive subject matter may be referred to herein, individually orcollectively, by the term “invention” merely for convenience and withoutintending to voluntarily limit the scope of this application to anysingle invention or inventive concept if more than one is, in fact,disclosed.

Thus, a method and system for detecting slow page load have beendescribed. The embodiments described herein may be implemented in anoperating environment comprising software installed on a computer, inhardware, or in a combination of software and hardware. Althoughembodiments have been described with reference to specific exampleembodiments, it will be evident that various modifications and changesmay be made to these embodiments without departing from the broaderspirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the specification anddrawings are to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictivesense.

Plural instances may be provided for components, operations orstructures described herein as a single instance. Finally, boundariesbetween various components, operations, and data stores are somewhatarbitrary, and particular operations are illustrated in the context ofspecific illustrative configurations. Other allocations of functionalityare envisioned and may fall within the scope of the embodiment(s). Ingeneral, structures and functionality presented as separate componentsin the exemplary configurations may be implemented as a combinedstructure or component. Similarly, structures and functionalitypresented as a single component may be implemented as separatecomponents. These and other variations, modifications, additions, andimprovements fall within the scope of the embodiment(s).

What is claimed is:
 1. A computer-implemented system comprising: a pagerequest detector, implemented using at least one processor, to receive,at a server system, a Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) request from aclient system, the TCP request being a request for content; acommunications module, implemented using at least one processor, tocommence transmission of TCP data packets, responsive to the request, tothe client system; a session state information detector, implementedusing at least one processor, to trigger monitoring of incoming TCPacknowledgement message (ACK) data packets from the client system; athroughput calculator, implemented using at least one processor, tocalculate a throughput value associated with a network connectionbetween the client system and the server system based on the incomingTCP acknowledgement message (ACK) data packets; a packet generator,implemented using at least one processor, to generate a TCP data packetto be sent in response to the request for content, the generating of theTCP data packet comprising including into the TCP data packet aplaceholder for a throughput value, a payload scanner, implemented usingat least one processor, to determine, prior to transmission of the datapacket, that payload of the TCP data packet includes the placeholder fora throughput value; a response builder, implemented using at least oneprocessor, to build an updated data packet by including, in the TCP datapacket, the throughput value, the including comprising replacing bytesof the placeholder with the throughput value, the communications moduleto commence the updated data packet to the client system.
 2. The systemof claim 1, wherein the TCP data packet is the last TCP data packetassociated with the requested content.
 3. The system of claim 1, whereinthe response builder is to include, in the TCP data packet, aninstruction to store the throughput value on the client as session stateinformation.
 4. The system of claim 3, wherein the instruction to storethe throughput value on the client as session state information is aJavascript call.
 5. The method of claim 3, wherein the session stateinformation is a browser cookie.
 6. The system of claim 1, wherein therequested content is a web page.
 7. The system of claim 1, wherein thesession state information detector is to determine that the request forcontent does not include session state information.
 8. The system ofclaim 1, wherein the throughput calculator is to calculate thethroughput value utilizing a receive window size value and a round triptime associated with network connection connecting the server system andthe client system.
 9. The system of claim 1, wherein the payload scanneris to determine that the TCP data packet includes a placeholder for athroughput value by identifying a pattern in the TCP data packet. 10.The system of claim 1, wherein the response builder is to compute achecksum for the updated data packet prior to the communications modulecommunicating the updated data packet to the client system.
 11. A methodcomprising: receiving, at a server system, a TCP request from a clientsystem, the TCP request being a request for content; commencingtransmission of TCP data packets, responsive to the request, to theclient system; triggering monitoring of incoming TCP acknowledgementmessage (ACK) data packets from the client system; calculating athroughput value associated with a network connection between the clientsystem and the server system based on the incoming TCP acknowledgementmessage (ACK) data packets; generating a TCP data packet to be sent inresponse to the request for content, the generating of the TCP datapacket comprising including into the TCP data packet a placeholder for athroughput value; prior to transmission of the data packet, determiningthat payload of the TCP data packet includes the placeholder for athroughput value; building an updated data packet, utilizing at leastone processor, by including, in the TCP data packet, the throughputvalue, the including comprising replacing bytes of the placeholder withthe throughput value; and communicating the updated data packet to theclient system.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the TCP data packetis the last TCP data packet associated with the requested content. 13.The method of claim 11, wherein the building of the updated data packetcomprises including, in the TCP data packet, an instruction to store thethroughput value on the client as session state information.
 14. Themethod of claim 13, wherein the instruction to store the throughputvalue on the client as session state information is a Javascript call.15. The method of claim 11, wherein the session state information is abrowser cookie.
 16. The method of claim 11, wherein the requestedcontent is a web page.
 17. The method of claim 11, comprising a sessionstate information detector to determine that the request for contentdoes not include session state information.
 18. The method of claim 13,wherein the calculating of the throughput value comprises utilizing areceive window size value and a round trip time associated with thenetwork connection.
 19. The method of claim 11, comprising computing achecksum for the updated data packet prior to the communicating of theupdated data packet to the client system.
 20. A machine-readablenon-transitory storage medium having instruction data to cause a machineto perform operations comprising: receiving, at a server system, a TCPrequest from a client system, the TCP request being a request forcontent; commencing transmission of TCP data packets, responsive to therequest, to the client system; triggering monitoring of incoming TCPacknowledgement message (ACK) data packets from the client system;calculating a throughput value associated with a network connectionbetween the client system and the server system based on the incomingTCP acknowledgement message (ACK) data packets; generating a TCP datapacket to be sent in response to the request for content, the generatingof the TCP data packet comprising including into the TCP data packet aplaceholder for a throughput value; prior to transmission of the datapacket, determining that payload of the TCP data packet includes theplaceholder for a throughput value; building an updated data packet byincluding, in the TCP data packet, the throughput value, the includingcomprising replacing bytes of the placeholder with the throughput value;and communicating the updated data packet to the client system.